EXPLORING THE MEDIA LANGUAGE WHEN DISCUSSING AGE-GAP RELATIONSHIPS AND ITS CONNECTION TO SOCIETY’S OPINION
Disability & Dyslexia Team
Coursework/Exam Certificate – ADD & ADHD
Student I.D. Number: 2146367
The above student is registered with the Disability & Dyslexia Team as having a diagnosis of either ADD or ADHD. These are similar, recognised, disabilities characterised by poor concentration and distractibility. They can adversely affect a student’s academic performance in some, or all, of the following key areas:
· Reading (slow speed, misreading texts, exam questions, instructions etc.)
· Proofreading
· Organisation of written ideas (sequencing ideas, word order, sentence structure, paragraphing)
Specific issues may arise in Group Work & Presentations including:
· Concentration – potential to go off at tangents and/or become distracted
· May need to speak to clarify understanding – without being aware of other students’ needs
· Memory problems
· Difficulties sequencing or finding words when speaking
Tutors are asked to make reasonable adjustments when marking coursework/Oral presentations and to focus on content and understanding of the subject wherever possible. This does not apply to competence standards.
Coursework:
With adjustments in place a student is expected to meet the course competencies. This document asks that tutors take account of minor errors that, despite the student’s best efforts, may have been overlooked during the proofreading process.
Examinations and tests:
The issues identified above may become more severe in test situations and particularly when the student is under time pressure.
This certificate is for the sole use of the above student. Any unauthorised use will result in disciplinary action up to and including exclusion.
.
Introduction-
In today's world, relationships with large age differences, often called age-gap relationships, are grabbing more attention and sparking debates. These relationships can push against traditional ideas about love and partnership, creating a mix of opinions on whether they're acceptable and what impact they might have. How the media talks about and shows these relationships plays a big role in shaping public opinion and the conversations around them.
The media, including news outlets, TV shows, movies, and social media, has a lot of power in shaping how we think about age-gap relationships. Through the words they choose, the angles they take, and how they present these relationships, media outlets can either support or challenge the stereotypes and assumptions around them. These narratives can influence how society views these relationships and the people in them, often leading to stigma, bias, or acceptance.
Age-gap relationships are a dynamic that has always existed but is our opinion on them developed due to what we digest through the media and the way it is portrayed or are we destined for age-gap relationships from adolescence?
Presenting these potentially very 'problematic' relationships to impressionable children is the beginning of the cycle; the cycle which follows society’s standard -media input- and the knock-on effect of this. This is something that will be explored throughout this investigation.
TV AND MOVIES
As adolescents, we are presented with inappropriate relationships in the form of student and teacher and are made to believe that it is two consenting people in love and those who try to intervene are the bad people… Examples of this are present in shows such as Pretty Little Liars (which had at least thirteen inappropriate age gap relationships), Glee, Dawsons Creek and in more recent years Riverdale, most of which include romantic relationships between teachers and students.
Pretty Little Liars from my research has the most inappropriate relationships in the teen show genre. The show featured thirteen inappropriate relationship dynamics. It was usually in the older male-younger female dynamic. The first example of this is Aria (16) and Ezra(22), they meet in a bar which makes Ezra’s original intentions seem less predatory due to the fact in America the legal drinking age is twenty-one however, the next day they find out that Ezra is her teacher and it shows pushback from Ezra afterwards and Aria is presented as pining after him and not taking no for an answer. Ezra also has a relationship with Allison(14 at the time) she also has an age-gap relationship with two more older males Ian(23) and Wilden(23). There was also another member of the core five, Spencer(14 at the time) who had age-gap relationships with both of her older sisters’ partners Ian(23) and Wren(23).
There were relationships with teenagers with men in powerful positions those being teachers, doctors, and police officers.
The teacher-student trope is something that has been romanticised throughout time rather than highlighting not only the age - difference but the power dynamic, this can be incredibly dangerous to those who are young and consuming the content when their opinions and minds are still developing.
Outside of the teacher-student inappropriate age-gap relationships, there are other kinds of age-gap relationships included in TV and movies that could be deemed inappropriate such as movies like Lolita where the female lead who is 12 years old is presented as “precociously seductive”. The movie is an adaptation of the Russian 1995 novel Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov. The male character is her stepfather and the movie centres around his obsession with young girls and the eventual grooming and sexual assault of Lolita, however, Humbert is aware their relationship is inappropriate as he tries to conceal it from everyone else but because he “saves” her from another man with similar “desires” he is made out to the audience as the hero. Similarly to Lolita's plot we have the movie American Beauty which follows the perspective of a middle age - man who is struggling mentally and with life and turns to his seventeen- year old daughters friend who is the "object of all his desires".
Lolita is also dressed in outfits that over-sexualise her and make her seem older wearing crop tops, short skirts and red lipstick. The word ‘Lolita’ is now associated with sexually promiscuous young women in more current times. The presentation of the young female makes it seem as if she is the one in the wrong when in reality it would be the middle-aged man pursuing a 12-year-old child. Seventeen year old Angela from American Beauty was also incredibly over-sexualised during the movie. Even featuring naked on the poster and the only thing covering her intimate areas are roses.
The overuse of the colour red during movies connotes romance, promiscuity, passion, sexual and attention-seeking which should not be associated with a romantic relationship between a minor and someone old enough to be their parents.
Another example of someone older pursuing someone younger is in The Graduate, the movie focuses on a freshly graduated 21-year-old Benjamin Braddock trying to figure out what to do with himself post-education he is approached by an older woman and originally declines her but due to his confusion on where he wants to be in life and her constant attempts they begin a secret affair, he eventually falls in love with her daughter and tries to be with her instead however the older woman makes it impossible by making false claims and intervening. Differently to Lolita, the female character is the older person in the age-gap relationship, there is still an element of having to keep their relationship a secret indicating that there could be something societally incorrect. During the breakdown of their relationship, the older woman is presented as the villain destined to disrupt his life and any way of him moving on and the movie already perpetuates negative stereotypes of women in age-gap relationships with younger men as their relationship acts as an escape for the breakdown and failure of her marriage which paints the woman in the circumstance as "crazy", "obsessive" and potentially even that she could be having a 'mental breakdown'
There are many age-gap relationship dynamics that I mentioned above that are not only legally wrong but morally also. However, that is not to say that ALL age-gap relationships can and are considered inappropriate. Context is incredibly important when we are considering each individual case.
These dynamics were popularised in the ninties with most of these older men- younger women relationships being at the forefront and normalised for decades- but now it seems that life is imitating art instead of the other way around. Journalist Lape Olarinoye speaks about this here
CELEBRITY CULTURE AND SOCIAL MEDIA
Not only can you look to TV or movies to see ‘inappropriate relationships’ depicted. You can also find evidence of ‘questionable’ age-gap relationships in celebrity culture.
Growing up we saw questionable age-gap relationships that weren’t always questioned at the time : such as Kylie Jenner and Tyga, Fergie and Justin Timberlake’s brief dating history, Wilmer Valderrama and Demi Lovato.
During their relationships nobody questioned the age gap but as the years have passed people have begun to question age gap relationships with questions such as “what is a questionable age-gap?” Or “Is it appropriate to have age gaps in relationships?”
An honourable age-gap relationship that some people don't always recognised is Jay Z and Beyonce. They have a twelve- year age-gap and I believe the reason that people are unaware is due to the lack of reporting on it, but also don't last as long as someone in the same age bracket. They have been together for twenty years and three children.
According to a study conducted by Emory Atlanta University which found that age-gap relationships that had a difference of "five years had an 18% chance of splitting up" and the wider the age gap the higher the chance of them splitting up.
Social media can also incredibly detrimental to shaping public opinion. If all of your favourite influencers and celebrities are in these age-gap relationships and posting that to young and impressionable fans, it poses the question of whether or not it is a good idea to pursue relationships with age differences.
Many age-gap relationships with an older man was accepted during the time Beyonce and Jay-z got together also. It was almost popularised in the nineties for younger women to seek relationships with older men. Journalist Lape Olarinoye explains more here about stereotypes regarding age-gap relationship acceptance from then to now.
Another reason why we might question the nature and the difference in their ages was due to the lack of disapproval from friends and family. Khloe Kardashian the older sister of Kylie Jenner once defended the relationship said that her younger sister wasn't a "normal seventeen year old" and that at sixteen she was probably partaking in sexual relations with men similar ages to Tyga.
Having this sort of public encouragement of inappropriate relationships can be especially damaging for young impressionable minds. As this sort of language by people with influence and a young fan base could conjure the beginning of age-gap relationships that may bleed into the area of illegal as well as inappropriate.
However, it is important to highlight both sides of the spectrum. In the photo we have an eighteen year old Aaron Johnson and a fourty-two year old Sam Taylor shortly before they announced their relationship. They didn't receive as much hate in the early years of their relationship. But as of recently people have been directing hate towards Sam, referring to her as a "grandma" , a "predator" due to their 23 year difference in age as well as claiming that Aaron is a "victim" of grooming. He has denied all claims of this.
TikTok has seen a rise in discontent among those in age-gap relationships where they question the origin of these age-gap relationships and whether something far more morbid led to the communion. Relationships such as Aaron Taylor-Johnson and his wife Sam have seen backlash from teen fans of the male actor pointing out that they have smaller age gaps with him than he does with his wife. The couple met when Sam directed the movie “nowhere boy” and Aaron starred in it at seventeen. Fans are referring to Sam as “granny”, “hag” and “she’s too old to handle him” among other derogatory languages, but would this be the same if a man had the same age gap?
PRINT MEDIA
Society has developed dangerous and unpleasant stereotypes for women seeking older or younger romantic relationships. This can be seen through the language that is used by print media.
Stereotypes such as ‘sugar babies’, ‘gold diggers’ and ‘trophy wives’, are commonly used when referring to younger women and even ‘jail bait’ has been used when referring to younger women in age-gap relationships. Women who date older are usually referred to as ‘cougars’, ‘she’s going through a midlife crisis’, and that she may be trying to chase "her youth".
This isn’t to say that men do not get called negative things when dating older or younger. It is just less likely to be as vocal in print media.
Two newspapers I will be discussing and comparing specifically is
THE INDEPENDENT V THE SUN
Comparing The Independent’s to The Sun you can see that even though they have completely different target audiences and reading ages. The language that they use when discussing women especially those in age-gap relationships is bordering on derogatory and is shaping an opinion that one way is right and one is wrong.
The Sun tends to write stories from an everyday person's perspective and is commonly known as a “gossip mag” and that is reflected in the content that they produce, they have an agony aunt column that features some stories surrounding age-gap relationships. A lot of their content is influenced by their target audience.
Whereas The Independent writes to appease a far more older and educated audience. With content around politics, sports , travel and more.
The thing these two newspapers have in common;The language that they use when discussing women especially those in age-gap relationships is bordering on derogatory and is shaping an opinion that one way is right and one is wrong.
I spoke with Journalist Lape Olarinoye about print media's encouragement of stereotypes and mocking of women in age-gap relationships, especially those seeking younger companionship. You can listen here (1:45-2:08).
Comparing the language used when speaking about age-gap relationships , The independent uses language that makes the reader question the intention of age-gap relationships , similarly to what Lape was saying this sort of language conditions society to view things in only one way.
Using words such as "defending", or the emphasis on not being "too old" when speaking about men being with younger women. By using this language they are infantilising the situation and making it seem that the male is far more innocent in the relationship.
but using stereotypes such as "cougars", "toy boys" to describe women in relationships with younger men encourages the narrative that they are acting in a predatory way. Posing the man in the situation as the child in the relationship with the use of 'boy'.
Whereas The Sun's language when speaking about age-gap relationships is far more "in your face". When discussing women in age-gap relationships with younger men, the age is always highlighted "old enough to be his mum", " similar age to my children", my partner is always "mistaken for my son".
There is also the whole "daddy" and "mummy" issue stereotype. The stereotype insists those who date older must have parental issues and are curing them by dating older.
This was addressed in an article by The Independent when speaking about Hilaria and Alec Baldwin's relationship the headline was "sometimes I am his Mommy" , which was obviously supposed to be played off as a joke , but actually plays into very twisted power dynamic by insinuating that he is her father the majority of the time. As well as sexualising something that is meant to be pure.
SOCIETAL REACTION
In society, it has become somewhat acceptable to date older than your age and younger than your age. This can be due to a mixture of what we see online and what is written about in print media. This begins a conversation and a knock-on impact
Speaking with Cognitive Behavioural Therapist Evette Bailey on the impacts of living with age-gap relationships during adolescence she said "Relationships with a significant age-gap can impact adolescents differently depending on the adult's attitude towards it" if the adults in their lives present and speak with positive language it will therefore leave a positive impact and may be likely in the future to pursue an age-gap relationship in the future.
She also explains that "media needs better acknowledgement when speaking about age-gap relationships" as it is not always recognisable from the viewer's perspective. This can be dangerous and could result in underage or illegal age-gap relationships.
But she also pointed out that age-gap relationships don't have to be all "bad" and "unappealing" as some can work, as long as both parties are willing to make it work.
In a study that was conducted with thirty random people ranging between 19-27.
It was found that most of them disagreed with age-gap relationships. But some said that it was "okay, as long as they were both consenting adults and above the age of 20". They also unanimously agreed that growing up they didn't realise the relationships being shown to them were age-gap-related or inappropriate. Until they grew up and rewatched the same programmes they saw the issues that went over their heads initially.
When they were asked what stereotypes they associated with age-gap relationships - almost every answer was "predator", or "pervy older man". With an occasional mention of "gold diggers", and "sugar babies" - which makes me think that the younger generation isn't as aware of the print media's fight to demonise older women's sexual relationships. However, are aware of the depictions and representation of older men- younger women relationships due to the commonness of it.
Although it is clear that there is a consistent depiction of older man- younger women relationships in the media, there is a disgust towards it. According to the study, it hasn't stopped young women from pursuing them or considering them.
In conclusion, I believe the media needs to be more aware and considerate when discussing potentially sensitive topics. There needs to be more ethical considerations during idea generation and also more women involved in these meetings.
I believe that the media has the power to condition society to think in which way they believe appropriate. As a society, we need to think about all possible sides.
Age-gap relationships aren't going anywhere anytime soon. The best cause of action is continuing to have open discussions, allowing those to be with who makes them happy and making sure we as a society shut down harmful stereotypes. Or at least attempt to make it as fair gender wise as possible.
Reference list
Photos
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/886012926683345766/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/388294799106147237/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/690176711683863873/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/646829565255359616/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/356417757985088521/
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29
https://logovtor.com/the-independent-logo-vector-svg/
Movie/tv posters
https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1084881-lolita
https://www.allocine.fr/diaporamas/series/diaporama-18664686/
https://www.originalposter.co.uk/fulldetails.asp?rid=9145
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Close-Up-Riverdale-Poster-Characters/dp/B07VM9NCTG
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/271341946268980187/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/3025924742420578/
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/4925880835509199/
Websites
https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/age-gap-relationships-dating-experts-b2353072.html
